Ma'adim Valles runs north into Gusev crater, near the equator and not far from the huge volcanoes. Kasei Valles runs north of Valles Marineris. When compared to the positoning of phyllosilicates and water ice in the crust, these huge floods correspond to the epicentres of increased volcanic activity on my Earth to Mars contraction model i.e. the Central American plates to Tharsis shield volcanoes, and the Indian plate to Valles Marineris.